Urinary or excretory system: Group of organs that produce, store, and eliminate urine.
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| Kidney Image |
Organs of the urinary system:
1-2 kidneys,2-
2 ureters,
3-1 bladder,
4-1 urethra.
Functions of the urinary system:
1. Excretes metabolic nitrogenous wastes from the body through urine.
2. Secretes renin and erythropoietin
3. Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance
The function of renin: Renin controls blood pressure.
The function of erythropoietin: Erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis (formation of RBC)
Kidneys: Two bean-shaped organs situated behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column in the lumbar region.
Nephron and its functions: Nephrons are the functional units (microscopic structures) of the kidney.
1. Remove waste products of metabolism from blood plasma
2. Aid in the maintenance of normal fluid balance in the body through the reabsorption process.
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| Renal corpuscle |
Ureters: Each kidney has 1 ureter. The length of each ureter is 28-34 cm long tube. They transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urinary bladder: A musculomembranous sac that serves as a reservoir for urine, located in the anterior pelvic cavity. Consists of neck and apex. There is a trigone (triangular area) near the base of the bladder.
Urethra: A narrow tube of musculomembranous extending from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Male urethra - Approx. 20 cm long, carries both urine and semen. Female urethra - Approx. 3 cm long, carries only urine.
Urine & its formation: A byproduct fluid (95% water + 5% solids) secreted by the kidneys, transported by the ureters to the bladder where it is stored temporarily until it is voided through the urethra. Urine is formed through filtration and reabsorption process.
Renal pelvis: A sac-like collecting portion in the kidney.
Voiding: To empty or evacuate waste material from urine.
Urinary meatus: External opening of the urethra.
Uremia: Accumulation of urea (nitrogenous wastes) in the blood.
Pyuria: Pus & WBC present in the urine.
Polyuria: Excessive urine production.
Oliguria: Scanty urine production.
Dysuria: Difficult or painful urination.
Anuria: Inability to produce urine or urinate.
Nocturia: Urination during nights.
Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine.
Albuminuria: Presence of albumin in the urine.
Diuresis: Increased production of urine by the kidneys.
Polydipsia: Excessive thirst.
Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones / renal calculi.
Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the renal pelvis.
Renal failure: The kidney fails to discharge urine.
Renal hypertension: Elevated BP resulting from kidney disease.
Diabetes insipidus: The kidney fails to respond to ADH. This is also known as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Urethral Stricture: Narrowing of the urethra.
Micturition: Urination.
Bladder incontinence: Inability to control the bladder.
Glycosuria: Sugar (glucose) in the urine.
Urethroscope: An instrument used to visualize the urethra.
Urine & its formation: A byproduct fluid (95% water + 5% solids) secreted by the kidneys, transported by the ureters to the bladder where it is stored temporarily until it is voided through the urethra. Urine is formed through filtration and reabsorption process.
Renal pelvis: A sac-like collecting portion in the kidney.
Voiding: To empty or evacuate waste material from urine.
Urinary meatus: External opening of the urethra.
Uremia: Accumulation of urea (nitrogenous wastes) in the blood.
Pyuria: Pus & WBC present in the urine.
Polyuria: Excessive urine production.
Oliguria: Scanty urine production.
Dysuria: Difficult or painful urination.
Anuria: Inability to produce urine or urinate.
Nocturia: Urination during nights.
Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine.
Albuminuria: Presence of albumin in the urine.
Diuresis: Increased production of urine by the kidneys.
Polydipsia: Excessive thirst.
Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones / renal calculi.
Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the renal pelvis.
Renal failure: The kidney fails to discharge urine.
Renal hypertension: Elevated BP resulting from kidney disease.
Diabetes insipidus: The kidney fails to respond to ADH. This is also known as nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Urethral Stricture: Narrowing of the urethra.
Micturition: Urination.
Bladder incontinence: Inability to control the bladder.
Glycosuria: Sugar (glucose) in the urine.
Urethroscope: An instrument used to visualize the urethra.
Cystoscope: An instrument used to visualize the urinary bladder.
Cystoscopy: Visual examination of the urinary bladder.
Cystitis: Inflammation of the bladder.
Cystocele: Protrusion of the bladder.
Hydronephrosis: Due to obstruction abnormal collection of fluid in the kidney.
Nephromegaly: Enlargement of the kidney.
Ureterocele: Protrusion of a ureter.
Ureterostenosis: Narrowing of the ureter.
Urethrocystitis: Inflammation of the urethra and the bladder.
Urinary retention: Accumulation of urine in the bladder. Inability to urinate.
Urinary suppression: Sudden stoppage of urine formation.
Urinary tract infection: Infection of one or more of the urinary tract.
Cystectomy: Excision of the bladder.
Cystostomy: Creating an artificial opening into the bladder.
Lithotripsy: Surgical crushing of a stone.
Nephrectomy: Excision of a kidney.
Pyelolithotomy: Removal of a stone from the pelvic through an incision.
Urethroplasty: Surgical repair of the urethra.
Urethrotomy: Incision into the urethra.
Diuretic: An agent that increases urine production.
Enuresis: bedwetting (involuntary discharge or leakage of urine).
Epispadias: the congenital opening of the male urethra on the upper surface of the penis.
BUN: To measure the amount of Urea in the blood.
BUN: To measure the amount of Urea in the blood.
Creatinine clearance test: Test to measure the ability of the kidney to excrete creatinine from the blood.
IVP: Contrast material (dye) is injected intravenously and x-rays are taken while the dye filling the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
KUB: X-ray of abdomen, kidneys, ureters, and bladder to determine and size and location of the kidneys in relation to the other organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
ESWL: Shock waves are used to blast the renal calculi (stones) into tiny fragments so that they can be passed out with urine easily.
UA: Test on a urine sample to detect disorder such as UTI, Diabetic, and Kidney Diseases.
IVP: Contrast material (dye) is injected intravenously and x-rays are taken while the dye filling the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
KUB: X-ray of abdomen, kidneys, ureters, and bladder to determine and size and location of the kidneys in relation to the other organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
ESWL: Shock waves are used to blast the renal calculi (stones) into tiny fragments so that they can be passed out with urine easily.
UA: Test on a urine sample to detect disorder such as UTI, Diabetic, and Kidney Diseases.
VCUG: The bladder is filled with dye (as in retrograde pyelogram) and x-rays are taken of the bladder and urethra while the patient is urinating.
HD: A procedure to remove impurities from the blood (if kidneys do not function).
HD: A procedure to remove impurities from the blood (if kidneys do not function).
Lithotrite: An instrument used to crush a stone.
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