Hemopoiesis: Formation of blood cells
Blood: A connective tissue made up of blood cells and plasma
Blood cells / Formed Elements: Constitute 45% of total blood volume.
Types of Blood cells: 1. Erythrocytes (RBC). 2. Leukocytes (WBC). 3. Thrombocytes (Platelets).
Plasma: Constitute about 55% of total blood volume. The straw-colored liquid portion of the blood.
Serum: Plasma without clotting factors
Functions of blood:
1. Transportation (transports 02 from lungs to cells and CO2 from cells to lungs, nutrients to cells, wastes from cells, hormones)
2. Immunity (protects the body against infections and/or pathogens
3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
4. Thermoregulation
5. Homeostasis
Erythrocytes / RBC: Doughnut-shaped cells without nuclei. Their main function is to exchange O2 and CO2
What gives a bright red color to blood: Oxyhemoglobin.
The life span of erythrocytes: 120 days
Erythropoiesis: Erythrocyte formation or production. It occurs in the bone marrow. Erythropoiesis is stimulated by erythropoietin (secreted by the kidney).
Thrombocytes / Platelets: Disk-shaped cells that play a vital role in blood clotting.
Hemolysis: Destruction of erythrocytes
Thrombopoiesis: Thrombocyte formation or production. It occurs in the bone marrow. Thrombopoiesis is stimulated by thrombopoietin (secreted by the liver).
Leukocytes:
1. Granulocytes / Polymorphonuclear leukocytes: a. basophils b. eosinophils c. neutrophils
2. Agranulocytes: a. lymphocytes b. monocytes
Granulopoiesis: Granulocyte formation
Granulocytes: Originate in the bone marrow. CSF (Colony Stimulating Factor) stimulates granulopoiesis in the bone marrow.
Agranulocytes: Originate in lymphatic tissue
Phagocytes / Macrophages: Cells that perform phagocytosis
Phagocytosis: Processing of eating particles such as bacteria, parasites, and dead cells.
Functions of blood cells:
Blood cell Function
Erythrocytes O2 and CO2 transportation
Thrombocytes Blood clotting
Basophils Inflammatory response
Eosinophils Defense against parasites
Neutrophils Phagocytosis
Lymphocytes Antibody production
Monocytes Phagocytosis
Plasma proteins: 1. Albumins. 2. Globulins. 3. Fibrinogen.
ABO system: Used in blood typing and blood transfusions.
Main Blood groups in Humans: A, B, O, AB
Agglutination: Clumping of blood cells when incompatible blood are mixed. It occurs between recipients' antibodies and donors' antigens.
Universal donor: O group
Rh factor: Rh-positive – 85% and Rh-negative - 15%. Rh-positive blood group can get Rh-negative blood but the Rh-negative blood group should only get Rh-negative blood.
Hemostasis: Stoppage of bleeding.
Antigen / Antibody generator: Foreign material that causes the production of an antibody.
Antibody: Protein substances that neutralize or inactive antigens.
Leukopoiesis: Process of leukocyte formation or production.
Anemia: Decrease in no. of RBC or quantity of hemoglobin in the blood.
Aplastic anemia: Failure of blood cell generation due to aplasia of bone marrow cells.
Hemolytic anemia: Reduction in RBC due to excessive destruction of erythrocytes.
Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia: Lack of mature erythrocytes due to dietary deficiency of vitamin B12.
Sickle cell anemia: Hereditary conditions characterized by an abnormal shape of erythrocytes.
Thalassemia: Inherited deficit, in the ability to produce hemoglobin.
Hemophilia: A bleeding disorder due to deficiency of clotting factor VIII or IX.
Hemochromatosis: An inherited disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of iron in the body leading to organ toxicity.
Leukemia: Excessive increase in cancerous WBC
Hematocrit (Hct): % of erythrocytes in a volume of blood.
Circulatory System: Blood and cardiovascular system together known as the Circulatory system.
Deep Vein Thrombosis: Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the deep veins, usually in legs
Bleeding Time: A crude test of hemostasis. It shows how well platelets associate with blood vessel walls to form blood coagulation.
Gangrene: Death of tissue in a part of the body. It occurs when a body part loses its blood supply.
Embolus: An abnormal particle, a bubble or part of a clot, circulating in the blood
Pancytopenia: Deficiency of all blood cells - pronounced reduction in the number of erythrocytes, all types of WBCs, & blood platelets in the circulating blood
Lymph: A transparent, colorless, tissue fluid.
Lymph nodes: Small spherical bodies, act as filters in keeping substances such as bacteria from the blood.
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| LYMPH NODE |
Spleen: Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, the largest lymphatic organ in the body.
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| SPLEEN SCHEMATIC |
Thymus gland: Located behind the breast bone, plays a vital role in the development of the body’s immune system.
Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph glands.
Lymphoma: Tumor of lymphatic tissue.
Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen.
Thymoma: Tumor of the thymus gland.
Hemorrhoids: Varicose veins in the rectal region.
Hemorrhoidectomy: Excision of hemorrhoid.
Hodgkin’s disease: Malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue, progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes.
Phlebectomy: Excision of a vein.
Splenectomy: Excision of the spleen.
Splenopexy: Surgical fixation of the spleen.
Thymectomy: Excision of the thymus gland.
Lymphangiogram: X-ray film of the lymphatic vessels.
Coagulation time: A blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot.
Hemoglobin: oxygen-carrying components in red blood cells.
Bone marrow biopsy: Needle puncture to remove bone marrow for study.
Hematologist: Physician who examines and also treats conditions of the blood.
Hemorrhage: Rapid flow of blood.
Spectrometry: Blood analysis.
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