Functions of the Respiratory System: 1. Respiration (inspiration and expiration).
2. Gas conditioning.
3. Sound production. 4. Olfaction. 5. Defense.
Production of sound: Sound is produced by the movement of air over the true vocal cords.
Nostrils / Anterior nares: Nostrils are external entrances to the nose.
Nasal septum: A partition that separates the nose into right and left chambers.
Paranasal sinuses: Paired air spaces in skull bone near nose. They are frontal sinuses, ethmoidal sinuses, sphenoidal sinuses, and maxillary sinuses.
Pharynx: Serves as a common passageway for both respiration (air) and digestion (food and liquids).
Parts of Pharynx: 1. Nasopharynx (passageway for air) 2. Oropharynx (passageway for air, food, and drinks). 3. Laryngopharynx (passageway for food and air)
Adenoid / pharyngeal tonsil: Adenoid is a collection of lymph tissue. Adenoid is found in the nasopharynx.
Palatine tonsils: Palatine tonsils are found in the oropharynx.
Larynx: Voicebox.
Types of vocal cords: True vocal cords and false vocal cords.
Thyroid cartilage: Adam's Apple.
Trachea/windpipe: It conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi. It lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx.
Bronchial tree: Trachea >> Primary bronchus >> Secondary bronchus >> Tertiary bronchus >> Bronchioles >> Terminal bronchioles >> Respiratory bronchioles >> Alveoli
Production of sound: Sound is produced by the movement of air over the true vocal cords.
Nostrils / Anterior nares: Nostrils are external entrances to the nose.
Nasal septum: A partition that separates the nose into right and left chambers.
Paranasal sinuses: Paired air spaces in skull bone near nose. They are frontal sinuses, ethmoidal sinuses, sphenoidal sinuses, and maxillary sinuses.
Pharynx: Serves as a common passageway for both respiration (air) and digestion (food and liquids).
Parts of Pharynx: 1. Nasopharynx (passageway for air) 2. Oropharynx (passageway for air, food, and drinks). 3. Laryngopharynx (passageway for food and air)
Adenoid / pharyngeal tonsil: Adenoid is a collection of lymph tissue. Adenoid is found in the nasopharynx.
Palatine tonsils: Palatine tonsils are found in the oropharynx.
Larynx: Voicebox.
Types of vocal cords: True vocal cords and false vocal cords.
Thyroid cartilage: Adam's Apple.
Trachea/windpipe: It conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi. It lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx.
Bronchial tree: Trachea >> Primary bronchus >> Secondary bronchus >> Tertiary bronchus >> Bronchioles >> Terminal bronchioles >> Respiratory bronchioles >> Alveoli
1. Trachea is divided into two branches, left and right primary bronchus. Each primary bronchus is the main airway to a lung.
2. Each primary bronchus branches into several secondary/lobar bronchi (Left lung has 2 secondary/lobar bronchi. Right lung has 3 secondary/lobar bronchi)
3. Secondary bronchi further divide into tertiary/segmental bronchi.
4. Tertiary bronchi branch into bronchioles.
5. Terminal bronchioles.
6. Respiratory bronchioles.
7. Alveoli
Lungs: Lungs are cone-shaped, spongy organs of respiration, lie on either side of the heart. The inferior portion is called the Base and the superior portion is called Apex. The left lung is divided into 2 lobes by oblique fissures and the right lung is divided into 3 lobes by horizontal and oblique fissures.
Mediastinum: The central portion of the thoracic cavity, between the lungs, which contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels.
Hilum of lungs: Middle region of a lung where pulmonary and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and primary bronchus enter and exit the organ.
Alveoli: Air sacs of lungs where the exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs.
Pleura: A double-layered serous membrane covering the lung. The inner layer is the visceral pleura and the outer layer is the parietal pleura
Pleural cavity: Space between the visceral and parietal pleura.
Pleural fluid: Produced by the pleural membranes which act as a lubricant.
Respiration: A combination of physical and chemical processes by which an organism takes in and uses O2 and emits C02.
Pulmonary ventilation: Exchange of gases between the lungs and atmosphere.
External respiration: Exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.
Internal / cellular respiration: Exchange of gases between cells and systemic capillaries.
Inhalation/inspiration: Breathing in. Draws gases into the lungs. Inspiration is an active process.
Exhalation/expiration: Breathing out. Draws gases out of the lungs. Expiration is a passive process.
Hypoventilation: Slow breathing than needed.
Hyperventilation: Over breathing than needed.
Respiratory rate: Number of breaths per minute.
Rhinorrhea: Runny nose (continuous discharge from nose).
Epistaxis: A nose bleed.
Apnea: Absence of breathing.
Eupnea: Normal breathing (free respiration).
Tachypnea: Rapid breathing.
Bradypnea: Abnormally slow breathing.
Hyperpnea: Deeper and more rapid breathing.
Dysphonia: Speech impairment
Aphonia: Loss of voice
Spirometry: Measuring breathing capacity.
Septoplasty: Surgical repair of the nasal septum.
Hemoptysis: Spitting of blood.
Bronchus: A branch of the trachea that acts as a passageway of air into the air spaces of the lung.
Pleural rub: When pleural membranes (visceral and parietal pleura) rub each other, the pleural rub is produced.
Rales/crackles: When alveoli filled with fluid, abnormal crackling sounds are heard during inspiration.
Rhonchi: When bronchi are narrowed by inflammation, abnormal rumbling sounds are heard during expiration.
Sputum: Mucous secretion from bronchi, lungs, and trachea that is expelled from the mouth when coughing.
Thoracentesis: Surgical puncture of the thoracic cavity, using a needle to remove fluids.
Segmentectomy: Surgical removal of a segment of the lung.
Lobectomy: Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung.
Stridor: A strained, high-pitched noisy breathing
Diptheria: Acute infection of the throat & upper respiratory tract, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria.
Empyema: a collection of pus in the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall (pleural space).
TB / pulmonary tuberculosis / Tuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.
Emphysema: Hyperinflation of air sacs with the destruction of alveolar walls.
Hydrothorax: Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity.
Hemothorax: Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.
Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air in the pleural cavity
Pyothorax: Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
COPD: A chronic condition of persistent obstruction of airflow through bronchial tubes and lungs.
Pulmonary infarction: An area of necrotic (dead) tissue in the lungs.
Pleurisy / pleuritis: Inflammation of pleura.
Pneumonia: Acute inflammation and infection of the alveoli when they fill with pus.
Atelectasis: Incomplete expansion of alveoli. Collapsed lung or a portion of the lung.
Antitussives: Drugs to suppress a cough. Ex: Benadryl
Decongestants: To relieve nasal congestion.
Bronchodilators: To dilate bronchi to improve airflow to the lungs.
Tonsils: Lymphoid tissue behind the mouth.
Diaphragmatocele: Hernia of the diaphragm.
Pneumatocele: Hernia of lung.
Pansinusitis: Inflammation of all sinuses.
Pulmonary edema: Fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles.
Nebulizer: A device that contains a spray used for respiratory problems.
Ventilator: A mechanical device used as a substitute for breathing.
Orthopnea: The person is able to breathe only in an upright position.
Pulse oximetry: A noninvasive method of monitoring arterial blood for oxygen levels.
PFT: Pulmonary Function Test. Test performed on breathing to determine respiratory function or abnormality.
Asphyxia: Suffocation (deprivation of O2)
Spirometer: An instrument to measure breathing or lung volumes.
Laryngoscope: An instrument used to visually examine the larynx.
Laryngoscopy: Visual examination of larynx
Bronchoscope: An instrument used to visually examine the bronchus.
Bronchoscopy: Visual examination of bronchus
Tracheostomy: Creation of an artificial opening into the trachea.
Thoracotomy: Incision into the chest.
Rhinoplasty: Surgical repair of the nose
Pleurocentesis: Surgical puncture into the pleural cavity to remove the fluid.
Adenoidectomy: Removal of adenoid/adenoids.
Bronchoplasty: Surgical repair of bronchus
Asthma: Spasm and narrowing of bronchi leading to bronchial airway obstruction
2. Each primary bronchus branches into several secondary/lobar bronchi (Left lung has 2 secondary/lobar bronchi. Right lung has 3 secondary/lobar bronchi)
3. Secondary bronchi further divide into tertiary/segmental bronchi.
4. Tertiary bronchi branch into bronchioles.
5. Terminal bronchioles.
6. Respiratory bronchioles.
7. Alveoli
Lungs: Lungs are cone-shaped, spongy organs of respiration, lie on either side of the heart. The inferior portion is called the Base and the superior portion is called Apex. The left lung is divided into 2 lobes by oblique fissures and the right lung is divided into 3 lobes by horizontal and oblique fissures.
Mediastinum: The central portion of the thoracic cavity, between the lungs, which contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels.
Hilum of lungs: Middle region of a lung where pulmonary and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and primary bronchus enter and exit the organ.
Alveoli: Air sacs of lungs where the exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs.
Pleura: A double-layered serous membrane covering the lung. The inner layer is the visceral pleura and the outer layer is the parietal pleura
Pleural cavity: Space between the visceral and parietal pleura.
Pleural fluid: Produced by the pleural membranes which act as a lubricant.
Respiration: A combination of physical and chemical processes by which an organism takes in and uses O2 and emits C02.
Pulmonary ventilation: Exchange of gases between the lungs and atmosphere.
External respiration: Exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.
Internal / cellular respiration: Exchange of gases between cells and systemic capillaries.
Inhalation/inspiration: Breathing in. Draws gases into the lungs. Inspiration is an active process.
Exhalation/expiration: Breathing out. Draws gases out of the lungs. Expiration is a passive process.
Hypoventilation: Slow breathing than needed.
Hyperventilation: Over breathing than needed.
Respiratory rate: Number of breaths per minute.
Rhinorrhea: Runny nose (continuous discharge from nose).
Epistaxis: A nose bleed.
Apnea: Absence of breathing.
Eupnea: Normal breathing (free respiration).
Tachypnea: Rapid breathing.
Bradypnea: Abnormally slow breathing.
Hyperpnea: Deeper and more rapid breathing.
Dysphonia: Speech impairment
Aphonia: Loss of voice
Spirometry: Measuring breathing capacity.
Septoplasty: Surgical repair of the nasal septum.
Hemoptysis: Spitting of blood.
Bronchus: A branch of the trachea that acts as a passageway of air into the air spaces of the lung.
Pleural rub: When pleural membranes (visceral and parietal pleura) rub each other, the pleural rub is produced.
Rales/crackles: When alveoli filled with fluid, abnormal crackling sounds are heard during inspiration.
Rhonchi: When bronchi are narrowed by inflammation, abnormal rumbling sounds are heard during expiration.
Sputum: Mucous secretion from bronchi, lungs, and trachea that is expelled from the mouth when coughing.
Thoracentesis: Surgical puncture of the thoracic cavity, using a needle to remove fluids.
Segmentectomy: Surgical removal of a segment of the lung.
Lobectomy: Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung.
Stridor: A strained, high-pitched noisy breathing
Diptheria: Acute infection of the throat & upper respiratory tract, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria.
Empyema: a collection of pus in the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall (pleural space).
TB / pulmonary tuberculosis / Tuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.
Emphysema: Hyperinflation of air sacs with the destruction of alveolar walls.
Hydrothorax: Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity.
Hemothorax: Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.
Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air in the pleural cavity
Pyothorax: Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
COPD: A chronic condition of persistent obstruction of airflow through bronchial tubes and lungs.
Pulmonary infarction: An area of necrotic (dead) tissue in the lungs.
Pleurisy / pleuritis: Inflammation of pleura.
Pneumonia: Acute inflammation and infection of the alveoli when they fill with pus.
Atelectasis: Incomplete expansion of alveoli. Collapsed lung or a portion of the lung.
Antitussives: Drugs to suppress a cough. Ex: Benadryl
Decongestants: To relieve nasal congestion.
Bronchodilators: To dilate bronchi to improve airflow to the lungs.
Tonsils: Lymphoid tissue behind the mouth.
Diaphragmatocele: Hernia of the diaphragm.
Pneumatocele: Hernia of lung.
Pansinusitis: Inflammation of all sinuses.
Pulmonary edema: Fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles.
Nebulizer: A device that contains a spray used for respiratory problems.
Ventilator: A mechanical device used as a substitute for breathing.
Orthopnea: The person is able to breathe only in an upright position.
Pulse oximetry: A noninvasive method of monitoring arterial blood for oxygen levels.
PFT: Pulmonary Function Test. Test performed on breathing to determine respiratory function or abnormality.
Asphyxia: Suffocation (deprivation of O2)
Spirometer: An instrument to measure breathing or lung volumes.
Laryngoscope: An instrument used to visually examine the larynx.
Laryngoscopy: Visual examination of larynx
Bronchoscope: An instrument used to visually examine the bronchus.
Bronchoscopy: Visual examination of bronchus
Tracheostomy: Creation of an artificial opening into the trachea.
Thoracotomy: Incision into the chest.
Rhinoplasty: Surgical repair of the nose
Pleurocentesis: Surgical puncture into the pleural cavity to remove the fluid.
Adenoidectomy: Removal of adenoid/adenoids.
Bronchoplasty: Surgical repair of bronchus
Asthma: Spasm and narrowing of bronchi leading to bronchial airway obstruction
Pneumoconiosis: Accumulation of dust in the lungs
Hypercapnia: Abnormally high levels of CO2 in arterial blood
Mucolytics: Drugs that reduce the thickness of the mucus
Cilia: Fine hair from the epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa
Oximetry: Measurement of blood O2 levels.
Capnography: Measurement of blood CO2 levels.
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