Integumentary system.
Integumentary System: This chapter covers skin, hair, nails, sebaceous
glands, and sweat glands.
Skin: Skin is the outer covering and largest organ (15% of total body weight)
Layers & Sublayers of Skin: Skin has 2 layers.
Dermis - Stratum Papillare, Stratum Reticulare
Epidermis - Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Spinosum,Stratum Corneum,Stratum Granulosum, and Stratum Basale.
Epithelial cells and their function:
1. Keratinocytes – produces keratin
2. Melanocytes – produces melanin
3. Dendritic cells – Macrophages guard against pathogens
4. Tactile / Merkel cells – Receptor cells associated with nerve fibers
Hypodermis: Not considered as a layer of the skin. It is mostly composed of fatty or adipose tissue. It protects the structures, prevent loss of body heat, and anchors skin to the underlying musculature.
Functions of the skin:
1. Thermoregulation.
2. Protection (skin guards deeper tissue of the body against invasion of pathogens, UV radiation, etc.)
3. Sensation (pain, temperature, pressure, touch).
4. Secretion (secretes sebum and sweat)
5. Synthesis (vitamin D).
6. Excretion (eliminates some waste products from the body).
7. Homeostasis (maintains a stable internal environment).
8. Reservoir (stores 8-10% of the blood in resting adult)
Sebaceous glands: Produce sebum
Sudoriferous/Sweat glands: Produce sweat.
Hair: A filament of keratinized cells.
Nails: epidermis that is composed of hard keratin.
Nail parts: body, root, nail bed (matrix), lunula, eponychium (cuticle)
Lunula: Crescent-shaped white area of a nail.
Acne/Pimples: An inflammatory condition of sebaceous glands and hair follicles.
Acne starts when sebum and skin cells clog the skin pores.
Furuncle/Boil: Localized pyogenic infection originating deep in a hair follicle.
(caused by Staphylococcus Aureus)
Carbuncle: Deep-seated pyogenic infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue usually arising in several contiguous hair follicles.
Psoriasis: Chronic recurrent dermatosis characterized by itchy, scaly,
red patches covered by silver gray scales.
Eczema/Contact dermatitis: Acute or chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by erythematous and scaly itching lesions.
Urticaria: Acute allergic reaction(red, round wheals on the skin).
Vitiligo: Loss of pigment in areas of skin.
Tinea: A skin infection caused by a fungus (ringworm).
Scabies: A parasitic contagious infection of the skin with intense pruritus
Dermatoplasty: Surgical repair of skin.
Prickly heat/heat rash/summer rash/miliaria / miliary fever: An eruption of pruritic macules with small central vesicles due to retention of fluid at the orifices of sweat glands.
Decubitus ulcer/Bedsore/Pressure ulcer: Areas of damaged skin caused by
staying in one position for too long.
Onychectomy: Excision of a nail.
Rhytidoplasty: Surgical repair of wrinkles.
Dermatologist: the physician who specializes in skin diseases
Dermatome: An instrument used to cut the skin.
Leukoderma: White skin
Percutaneous: Through the skin.
Subcutaneous: Under the skin
Xanthoderma: Yellow skin, jaundice.
Gangrene: Gangrene can occur when a body part loses blood supply due to injury,
as a result, it causes the death of tissue.
Callus: Thickened skin in the horny layer of the epidermis due to pressure or friction.
Keloid: Hypertrophied, thickened scar after trauma or surgical incision.
Nevus: Pigmented lesion of the skin
Warts / Verruca / Verrucae: Epidermal growths caused by viruses.
Squamous cell carcinoma: Tumor(malignant) of the squamous epithelial cells.
Malignant melanoma: Malignant tumor arising from melanocytes of a pre-existing mole.
Dermatitis: Inflammation of the skin.
Onychocryptosis: Ingrown nail
Onychophagia: Eating or biting the nails
Alopecia/Baldness: Absence of hair.
Dandruff: Presence of white or gray scales in the hair of the scalp.
Basal cell carcinoma: Arises from the Stratum Basale sub-layer and invades dermis.
Onychomycosis: Fungal infection of the nail.
Abscess: A localized collection of pus.
Candidiasis: Infection of the skin caused by yeast-like fungus.
Impetigo: Superficial skin infection, pustules
Laceration: A torn wound or an accidental cut wound.
Paronychia: Inflammation of tissue surrounding the nail.
Pediculosis: Infection of hair with lice
Debridement: Process of removing dead and/or damaged tissue as well as dirt from a
contaminated wound or burn.
Paring: Process of shaving or peeling.
Curettage: Scrape off the superficial part of the skin using curet.
Emollients: Agents that soften the skin or soothe irritation in the skin or mucous membrane
Cyst: closed sac or pouch containing fluid.
Vesicle/Blister: A small pouch or sac contain a clear fluid.
Papule: A small (less than 1 cm in diameter) solid elevation of the skin.
Polyp: A mushroom-like growth
Pallor: Paleness (of skin)
Skin biopsy: Small piece of living tissue from any skin lesion is examined microscopically to establish a diagnosis(that exhibits signs and characteristics of malignancy).
Mole/Nevus: An elevated pigmented area of the skin.
Macule: Discolored patch or spot on the skin.
Pilonidal cyst: A sac of fluid and hair over the sacral region.
Pruritus: Severe itching.
Pustule: An elevation containing pus.
Burn A skin injury caused by heat, electricity, radiation, chemicals, and sunlight.
Ulcer: Eroded sore on the skin.
Degrees of burn: First degree (epidermis), second degree (epidermis and part of dermis), and third-degree (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis)
Which degree burns require skin grafts: Third-degree burns
Antipruritic agents: To prevent or relieve itching.
Antibiotic agents: To destroy or stop the growth of microorganisms.
Antifungal agents: To destroy or inhibit the growth of fungi and yeast
Antiviral agents: Agents that combat specific viral diseases.
Anti-inflammatory agents: To relieve swelling, tenderness, redness, and pain of inflammation.
Antiseptic agents: To prevent or inhibit the growth of pathogens.
Dermabrasion: Procedure to remove skin scars with abrasive material (like sandpaper)
Graft: A tissue or organ used as a transplant.
Types of Grafts:
1. Autograft: Tissue from the same patient
2. Isograft: Tissue from an identical twin
3. Allograft / Homograft: Tissue from unrelated person or cadaver
4. Xenograft / Heterograft: Tissue from another species
5. Synthetic graft: Artificial graft.
Lesion: An abnormal change in the tissues in an area of the body. Ex: sore, rash, wound
Melanin: A black pigment formed by melanocytes in the epidermis.
Xeroderma: Dry skin
Diaphoresis: Profuse sweating
Comedo/Comedones: Blackhead, a sebum plug partially blocking the pore of the skin.
Petechia / Petechiae: Small pinpoint hemorrhage
Ecchymosis / Ecchymoses: Bluish-black mark on the skin caused by hemorrhage.
Scar: normal tissue replaces by fibrous tissue caused by injury or disease.
Scab: A hard outer layer or covering.
Hematoma: Mass of blood (clotted) found in an organ or tissue.
Folliculitis: Inflammation of the hair follicles.
Cellulitis: Inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue.
Epithelial tissue: Covers organs, lines cavities, and forms tubes and ducts.
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