FUNDAMENTALS
Cell: It is the fundamental unit of every living thing. Cells are everywhere in the human body. Each cell has a set of organelles and each cell performs a particular function.
Ex: muscle cell, nerve cell
DNA: Regulates the activities of a cell.
Tissue: Cells of a similar kind combine together and form tissue to perform a specialized function.
Ex: epithelial tissue
Organ: Two or more tissues combine together and form an organ to perform specialized function.
Ex: heart, brain, liver
Main portions of the human body:
1. An axial portion (head, neck, trunk). 2. Appendicular portion (extremities)
Body cavities of Axial portion:
1. Dorsal Cavity (cranial cavity, spinal cavity. 2. Ventral Cavity (thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity)
Divisions of thoracic cavity:
1. Pleural cavity. 2. Pericardial cavity
Contents of Body Cavities:
Cranial cavity - brain
Spinal cavity - spinal cord and nerves of the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity - lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, bronchi, aorta, etc.
Abdominal cavity - stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,
Pelvic cavity - urinary bladder, reproductive organs, some part of large intestines.
Ex: muscle cell, nerve cell
DNA: Regulates the activities of a cell.
Tissue: Cells of a similar kind combine together and form tissue to perform a specialized function.
Ex: epithelial tissue
Organ: Two or more tissues combine together and form an organ to perform specialized function.
Ex: heart, brain, liver
Main portions of the human body:
1. An axial portion (head, neck, trunk). 2. Appendicular portion (extremities)
Body cavities of Axial portion:
1. Dorsal Cavity (cranial cavity, spinal cavity. 2. Ventral Cavity (thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity)
Divisions of thoracic cavity:
1. Pleural cavity. 2. Pericardial cavity
Contents of Body Cavities:
Cranial cavity - brain
Spinal cavity - spinal cord and nerves of the spinal cord
Thoracic cavity - lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, bronchi, aorta, etc.
Abdominal cavity - stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas,
Pelvic cavity - urinary bladder, reproductive organs, some part of large intestines.
Directions and Positions:
1. anterior - pert. to the front side of the body
2. posterior - pert. to the backside of the body
3. anteroposterior - pert. to the front & backside of the body
4. bilateral - pert. to two sides
5. unilateral - pert. to one side
6. superior - pert. to above
7. inferior - pert. to below
8. proximal - pert. to near
9. distal - pert. to away
10.lateral - pert. to side
11.ventral - pert. to belly, front
12.medial - pert. to middle
13.mediolateral - pert. to middle and side
14. cephalic - pert. to head
15. caudal - pert. to tail
16. mediad- toward the middle
17. cephalad - toward the head
18. superficial - on the surface
19. deep - inside
20. supine - lying on the back (palms up)
21. prone - lying on the belly (palms down)
22. abduct - to lead away from the midline.
23. adduct - to lead towards the midline.
1. anterior - pert. to the front side of the body
2. posterior - pert. to the backside of the body
3. anteroposterior - pert. to the front & backside of the body
4. bilateral - pert. to two sides
5. unilateral - pert. to one side
6. superior - pert. to above
7. inferior - pert. to below
8. proximal - pert. to near
9. distal - pert. to away
10.lateral - pert. to side
11.ventral - pert. to belly, front
12.medial - pert. to middle
13.mediolateral - pert. to middle and side
14. cephalic - pert. to head
15. caudal - pert. to tail
16. mediad- toward the middle
17. cephalad - toward the head
18. superficial - on the surface
19. deep - inside
20. supine - lying on the back (palms up)
21. prone - lying on the belly (palms down)
22. abduct - to lead away from the midline.
23. adduct - to lead towards the midline.
24. Trendelenberg - lying supine with his/her head slightly lower than his/her feet.
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